The American Indian and the End of the Confederacy, 1863-1866Late in April 1861, President Lincoln ordered Federal troops to evacuate forts in Indian Territory. That left the Five Civilized TribesCherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminolesessentially under Confederate jurisdiction and control. The American Indian and the End of the Confederacy, 18631866, spans the closing years of the Civil War, when Southern fortunes were waning, and the immediate postwar period. Annie Heloise Abel shows the extreme